The NSE (National Stock Exchange) and BSE (Bombay Stock Exchange) are the two primary stock exchanges in India. While both exchanges facilitate the buying and selling of stocks, there are a few key differences between them:
Establishment: The BSE was established in 1875, making it the oldest stock exchange in Asia. The NSE, on the other hand, was founded in 1992.
Ownership and Governance: The BSE is a corporatized and demutualized exchange, meaning it is owned by corporate entities. The NSE, on the other hand, is also a corporatized exchange, but it is owned by a set of financial institutions, including banks, insurance companies, and other financial intermediaries.
Trading Platform: The NSE introduced an electronic trading system known as the National Exchange for Automated Trading (NEAT), which revolutionized trading in India. The BSE initially used an open outcry system, but it has now shifted to an electronic trading platform called the BSE Bolt.
Market Indices: The NSE’s flagship index is the Nifty 50, which consists of the top 50 actively traded stocks on the exchange. The BSE’s main index is the Sensex, which comprises the 30 largest and most actively traded stocks on the BSE.
Market Share: The NSE has a larger market share and trading volume compared to the BSE. It is considered the more dominant exchange in terms of overall trading activity.
Listing Requirements: Both exchanges have similar listing requirements, including minimum capitalization, profitability, and track record criteria. However, the BSE has traditionally been more lenient in its listing norms compared to the NSE.
Global Visibility: The NSE has gained more international recognition and visibility, attracting foreign institutional investors and participating in various global indices. It is often seen as the face of Indian capital markets globally.
Despite these differences, both the NSE and BSE are regulated by the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI), and they play crucial roles in facilitating trading, price discovery, and capital formation in India’s stock market.
Options trading is a popular and advanced trading strategy that involves buying and selling options contracts. Options give traders the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell an underlying asset at a predetermined price (the strike price) within a specified time frame (until the expiration date). Here’s a step-by-step guide to help you understand how to engage in options trading
Educate Yourself: Options trading can be complex, so it’s essential to have a solid understanding of the concept. Study educational resources, books, online courses, and tutorials to learn about the basics of options trading, including terminology, strategies, and risk management.
Choose a Brokerage: Select a reputable brokerage that offers options trading services. Ensure they have a user-friendly platform, competitive commissions, reliable execution, and access to the options market. Popular options brokers include TD Ameritrade, E*TRADE, Interactive Brokers, and Robinhood.
Open an Account: Follow the procedures outlined by your chosen brokerage to open an options trading account. This typically involves providing personal information, completing application forms, and adhering to any specific requirements or financial qualifications.
Understand Option Contracts: Familiarize yourself with the components of an options contract. Each contract represents a specific number of shares of the underlying asset. There are two types of options: calls (the right to buy) and puts (the right to sell).
Define Your Options Strategy: Determine your trading objectives and select an options strategy that aligns with your goals. Common strategies include buying calls or puts, selling covered calls or puts, and more advanced strategies like spreads, straddles, and iron condors. Each strategy has its own risk and reward profile.
Analyze the Underlying Asset: Conduct thorough research on the underlying asset (stocks, indices, commodities, etc.) to assess its potential price movement, volatility, and market conditions. Fundamental and technical analysis can help you make informed trading decisions.
Execute Trades: Once you’ve identified a suitable options trade, use your broker’s trading platform to execute the trade. Specify the option contract, strike price, expiration date, and the number of contracts you wish to buy or sell. Review and confirm the order before finalizing it.
Monitor Your Positions: Keep a close eye on your options positions, as their values can fluctuate based on market conditions. Track changes in the underlying asset’s price, volatility, and any news or events that may impact your trades. Consider implementing stop-loss orders to manage risk.
Close or Adjust Positions: You can close your options positions before expiration by executing a closing trade, which involves buying or selling the same options contract you initially traded. Alternatively, you can adjust your positions by rolling, hedging, or employing other options strategies.
Manage Risk: Options trading involves inherent risks, and it’s crucial to manage them effectively. Set a risk tolerance, diversify your trades, and avoid investing more than you can afford to lose. Consider using risk management tools like stop-loss orders and position sizing techniques.
Remember, options trading involves substantial risk, and it’s advisable to start with a small amount of capital or practice with virtual trading accounts before committing real funds. Additionally, consult with a financial advisor or an experienced options trader to gain further insights and guidance.
To effectively target and achieve your goals, you can follow these steps:
Define your goals: Clearly identify and articulate what you want to accomplish. Make sure your goals are specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART goals).
Break it down: Divide your goals into smaller, manageable tasks or milestones. This breakdown helps you understand the steps required and allows for a sense of progress along the way.
Prioritize: Determine which goals are most important and prioritize them accordingly. Consider the potential impact, urgency, and alignment with your long-term objectives.
Create an action plan: Develop a detailed plan that outlines the specific actions you need to take to achieve each goal. Break down the tasks further, set deadlines, and allocate resources.
Stay focused: Maintain your focus on the goals you have set. Avoid getting distracted by unrelated tasks or new opportunities that may arise. Regularly review your progress and make adjustments as needed.
Track your progress: Monitor your progress by tracking key metrics or milestones. This will help you stay motivated, identify potential obstacles, and make any necessary adjustments to your approach.
Seek support: Don’t hesitate to seek support from others. This can include seeking advice from mentors, collaborating with colleagues, or delegating tasks to a team. Surround yourself with people who can provide guidance, encouragement, and accountability.
Stay motivated: Keep your motivation levels high by reminding yourself of the reasons why you set these goals in the first place. Celebrate your achievements along the way, no matter how small, to maintain momentum and a positive mindset.
Adapt and persevere: Be prepared to adapt your plans as circumstances change or new information arises. Sometimes you may face obstacles or setbacks, but it’s important to persevere and find alternative approaches or solutions.
Review and learn: Once you achieve your goals or complete a significant milestone, take the time to review your journey. Reflect on what worked well, what didn’t, and the lessons you learned. Apply these insights to future goal-setting processes.
Remember, effective goal targeting requires consistency, discipline, and a proactive mindset. Stay committed to the process and adjust your approach as needed to increase your chances of success.
There are several trading platforms available, and the best one for you will depend on your specific needs and preferences. Here are some popular trading platforms:
eToro: Known for its social trading features, eToro allows users to follow and copy the trades of successful traders. It offers a wide range of assets and a user-friendly interface.
TD Ameritrade: A well-established platform in the United States, TD Ameritrade provides a comprehensive trading experience with a variety of investment options, educational resources, and advanced trading tools.
Interactive Brokers: This platform is popular among active traders due to its low-cost trades and extensive range of investment options, including stocks, options, futures, and more. It offers powerful trading tools and research capabilities.
Robinhood: Robinhood gained popularity for its commission-free trading model and user-friendly mobile app. It primarily focuses on stock trading and offers a simplified trading experience.
Fidelity: Fidelity is a reputable brokerage firm that provides a wide range of investment products, including stocks, ETFs, mutual funds, and more. It offers a user-friendly platform with robust research and educational resources.
Charles Schwab: Known for its strong customer service and comprehensive investment offerings, Charles Schwab provides access to stocks, bonds, ETFs, options, and more. It offers intuitive trading platforms and a wide range of educational materials.
Coinbase: If you are interested in cryptocurrency trading, Coinbase is a well-known platform that allows you to buy, sell, and store various cryptocurrencies. It offers a user-friendly interface and a high level of security.
It’s important to conduct thorough research and consider factors such as fees, available assets, trading tools, security measures, and customer support when selecting a trading platform. Additionally, regulations and availability may vary depending on your country of residence.
Starting your own business can be an exciting and rewarding venture. Here are some steps to help you get started:
1.Define Your Business Idea: Identify your passion, interests, and skills. Determine what products or services you want to offer and assess their market demand and viability. Conduct market research to understand your target audience, competitors, and industry trends.
2.Create a Business Plan: Outline your business goals, strategies, and financial projections in a comprehensive business plan. It will serve as a roadmap for your venture and help you secure funding, if needed. Include sections such as executive summary, company description, market analysis, organization and management structure, product/service line, marketing and sales strategy, and financial projections.
3.Secure Funding: Assess your financial needs and explore different options to fund your business. This could include personal savings, loans from banks or credit unions, investments from family and friends, or seeking venture capital. Consider creating a budget to estimate your startup and operational costs.
4.Choose a Legal Structure: Decide on the legal structure that suits your business, such as a sole proprietorship, partnership, limited liability company (LLC), or corporation. Research the legal and tax implications of each structure and consult with a lawyer or accountant to make an informed decision.
5.Register Your Business: Choose a unique business name and register it with the appropriate government authorities. Obtain the necessary permits, licenses, and certifications required to operate legally. Consider trademarking your brand name or logo to protect your intellectual property.
6.Set Up Your Operations: Determine the location for your business and set up the necessary infrastructure, such as office space, equipment, and technology. Establish your supply chain and vendor relationships, if applicable. Consider hiring employees or outsourcing tasks as needed.
7.Develop a Marketing Strategy: Identify your target audience and develop a marketing plan to reach them effectively. Build a brand identity, create a website, and establish your online presence through social media platforms. Utilize various marketing channels, such as advertising, content marketing, search engine optimization (SEO), and networking to promote your business.
8.Launch Your Business: Execute your business plan and launch your products or services. Monitor your operations closely and make adjustments as necessary. Seek customer feedback and strive for continuous improvement.
Remember, starting a business requires hard work, perseverance, and flexibility. Seek guidance from mentors, industry experts, and professional advisors to increase your chances of success.
In this post, you learn the grinding machine and grinding machine operation, types of grinding wheel and more.
Grinding Machine
Contents hide 1. Grinding Machine 2.Hardness Comparison of Abrasive Material 3.Cost of Grinding Wheel 4. Life of Grinding Wheel 5. Selection of Abrasives in Grinding 6.Silicon carbide 7. Aluminium oxide 8. Selection of Grinding Wheels 9. Bond and Types of bond 10. Vitrified Bond 11. Silicate Bond 12. Shellac Bond 13. Rubber Bond 14. Resinoid Bond 15 Wheel Grit, Grade and Structure 16. Grit 17 .Grade 18. Structure 19. Balancing, Dressing, and Truing of Grinding wheels 20 . Balancing 21. Dressing 22. Truing 23. Grinding Machine Operation 24. Surface Grinding 25. Cylindrical Grinding
A grinder is commonly used to precisely shape and finish the given materials with low surface roughness and high surface quality. Grinding machine is a type of machine used to grind the workpieces. It basically uses emery or an abrasive wheel as the cutting tool.
The grinding process is truly a chip producing machining process. The rough surface of the abrasive wheel spreads into small portions of the workpiece as required. It is also known as a grinder.
The grinding process is capable of producing very accurate sizes, equally accurate geometry like flatness or circle and extremely good surface finish. It is capable of machining hardness high-speed steel, which cannot be done by other machining processes.
Abrasives wheels are the impure form of aluminium oxide. A grinding wheel or bonded abrasive is made up of thousands of tiny abrasive particles insert in matric calls as ‘bond’.
In bonded abrasives, porosity is essential to provide clearance for the chips being produced and to provide cooling, otherwise chips would interfere with the griding process.
Hardness Comparison of Abrasive Material An abrasive is a second hardest material, compared to diamond.
Aluminium oxide (hardness of 2000-3000) Silicon carbide (hardness of 2100-3000). These are the perfect examples of conventional abrasives. The cubic boron nitrite (hardness of 4000-5000) Diamond (hardness of 7000-8000) comes under the category of super abrasives. In addition to hardness, an important characteristic called friability. Friability is the ability of abrasive grains to fracture (break) into small pieces. High friability indicates low strength or low fracture resistance of the abrasive.
For example, aluminium oxide has a lower friability than silicon carbide and has fewer tendencies to a piece. Bonded abrasive are marked with a standardization system of letters and numbers, indicating the type of abrasive, grain size, grade, structure, and bond type.
Cost of Grinding Wheel The cost of grinding wheel depends on the type of size of the wheel.
Small wheels of 25mm diameter cost up to 10$ for conventional abrasive and for diamond up to 200$. Large wheel of 500mm diameter and 250mm width, the cost is about 8000$ to 20000$. Life of Grinding Wheel When a grinding wheel is applied to the workpiece, the sharp edges of the abrasive grains which are cutting, will, in the end, lose their cutting effect and become dull.
At that stage, the abrasive grains should either split or form new edges or it should break away from the wheel exposing the next layer of grains to do work.
If the dulled grains stay in the wheel, they simply keep on rubbing on work without actually cutting. This defect is known as ‘glazing’. If on the other hand, the abrasive grains break away from the wheel or split prematurely, before becoming dull, it causes a reduction in life of the grinding wheel.
Selection of Abrasives in Grinding
Emery and corundum are no longer used in modern grinding wheels.
instead, artificially manufactured abrasives are used due to their high purity. And they include silicon carbide and aluminium oxide.
1. Silicon carbide
Silicon carbide is greenish-black in colour.
It is harder and more brittle than alumina. For this reason, it is used for grinding materials of low grinding resistance like cast iron, brass, and copper.
The code for silicon carbide is C.
2. Aluminium oxide
It is reddish-brown in colour.
Aluminium oxide abrasive is more suitable for grinding most steels because of its greater toughness to cope with increased grinding resistance offered.
Aluminium oxide wheels it is A.
The abrasive, the performance of grinding wheels also depends on many other factors. It is important that a suitable grinding wheel is selected for particular applications.
Selection of Grinding Wheels
It means choosing the most appropriate wheel for a particular grinding machine operation. Wheel selection would depend on what abrasive is required, and characteristic of the wheels and also on operating conditions like a wheel and work speed, type and conditions of machines used.
Thumb rule is to use a hard wheel for soft material and soft wheel for hard material. A hard wheel retains the abrasives as they do not get dulled easily on soft materials.
Bond and Types of bond
Bond refers to the substance of which the matrix of the grinding wheel is made. The following bonds are generally used in the manufacture of grinding wheels. The bond hardness or grade is usually represented by the letters of the English alphabet.
A represents the very soft grade, while Z is very hard M and N represent medium grade hardness.
Vitrified Bond
Silicated Bond
Shellac Bond
Rubber Bond
Resinoid Bond
1. Vitrified Bond
It is denoted by letter V.
About 80% of the wheels used in the industry are of this bond.
It is also called as ceramic bond.
They are strong, stiff, porous, and resistant to oils, acids, and water. They are brittle and lack resistance to mechanical and thermal shock.
2. Silicate Bond
It is denoted by letter S.
Silicate of soda (commonly known as water glass) is the main component of this bond.
3. Shellac Bond
It is denoted by letter E.
Shellac (a naturally available material) is the main component of the bond.
4. Rubber Bond
It is denoted by letter R.
This process consists of mixing crude rubber, sulfur, and the abrasive grains together, rolling the mixture into sheets, cutting out circles and heating them under pressure to vulcanize the rubber.
The wheels can be made like this and can be used as saws for cutting-off operations.
5. Resinoid Bond
It is denoted by letter B.
Resoniod bonding materials are thermosetting resins, and the bond is an organic compound, so the wheels with resinoid bonds are also called as organic wheels.
Some of these wheels are made from bakelite and other resinous material.
Wheel Grit, Grade and Structure
1. Grit
Grit indicates the size of the abrasive grain. It is indicated by a number. Higher the number, smaller the size of grains. Abrasives finer than 200, are called “flours” designated as F, FF, and FFF.
The finer abrasive used as jewellers. For the fine finish of ground surface,
smaller grit size abrasive wheels are used. But their metal cutting capacity is limited.
Large size abrasive wheels, finish is rough but metal removal rate is higher.
2. Grade
The degree of hardness possessed by the bond is called the grade of the wheel and indicates the strength of the grip with which the abrasive grains are held in the bond.
It indicates the type and the amount of bond in the wheel. It is also referred to as the hardness of a bonded abrasive. A hard wheel has a stronger bond and a larger amount of bonding material between the grains than a soft wheel.
3. Structure
Structure of a bonded abrasive is a measure of the porosity (spacing between the grains). The structure of the bond material in a wheel varies from about 10% to 30% of its total volume. Structure of the bond depends upon this percentage.
If the abrasive grains are too strictly packed, the percentage of bond material will be on the lower side this is called a closed structure.If the abrasive grains are less strictly packed in the same volume, the wheels are called an open structure.
The structure is indicated by a number varying from 1 (very closed structure) to 15 (very open structure. On every grinding machine wheel, the manufactures are limit to give the following information. in specified sequence about the,
Abrasive used (A or C)
Grit number (ex: 46)
Grade ( A to Z)
Structure (1 to 5)
Bond type (by letters)
In addition, the manufacturer is free to supply some additional information with the above information.
Balancing, Dressing, and Truing of Grinding wheels
1. Balancing
A grinding wheel is a fragile tool which is to be used to get perfect service. proper mounting and balancing of the wheel are very important.
Balancing is needed as wheels revolve at higher speed (many thousand r.p.m.) and any unbalanced centrifugal forces may crack the wheel or spoil and bearing.
2. Dressing
The dressing is the process of producing sharp edges on grains, conditioning worn grains on the surface of a grinding wheel. It is required when the wheel is dull or tired.
3. Truing
The Truing is like a dressing operation by which wheel comes back to its original shape, thus around the wheel is dressed to make its circumference a true circle.
Truing is done during fitting fresh wheel and also it is necessary after the wheel has been in use for some time, to correct the non-uniform wear on its face.
For softer wheels, truing and dressing are done separately and for harder wheels, both are done at the same time. The truing or dressing up of grinding wheels are normally done by a diamond tool. Being harder, it is able to cut through, the
Grinding Machine Operation
The common grinding machine operation are surface, cylindrical, internal and centreless grinding. Now let us discuss each one by one,
1. Surface Grinding
It involves grinding flat surfaces. Here the workpiece is fitted with a magnetic chuck attached to a work table of the grinder. Non-magnetic are held by vices or fixtures. A straight wheel is mounted on the horizontal spindle of the grinder.
Transverse grinding occurs as the table reciprocates longitudinally and feeds laterally after each stroke.
12. Cylindrical Grinding
In this, the operation is carried out on a cylindrical grinding machine which is made in two varieties “plain” and the “universal” type. The fundamental design is the same in both cases, but the universal machine can be adapted for internal grinding operation as well.
In cylindrical grinding machine operation, the work is mounted between two centres and is rotated. A grinding wheel is mounted on a spindle and revolves at a higher speed than the work. The depth of cut is very small, about 0.015 mm.
The work centres are mounted on a table which can transverse at various feeds so that the entire length of the work passes to and fro in front of the wheel.
When the entire work has passed in front of the wheel, the wheel advances forward by another 0.015mm at the end of the transverse and so the cycle of machining goes on until the desired diameter of the workpiece is reached. The result is a long cylinder of the perfectly circular profile with a very fine surface finish.
3. Internal Grinding
The Internal grinding operation means, grinding of internal holes or bores. Internal grinding is designed to grind the surface of bores, whether plain or tapered with the help of a small grinding wheel mounted on a long slender spindle which can enter in the bore.
It is capable of giving improved geometry of the hole as well as the surface finish. This operation is performed on specially designed internal grinding machines. For internal grinding, a softer wheel is generally preferred.
4. Centreless Grinding
It is a high production process for continuously grinding cylindrical surfaces in which the workpiece is supported not by centres or chucks, but by a blade. Parts with the diameter as small as 0.1mm can be ground by this method.
surface speed of the wheel is about 10000m/min using cubic boron nitride abrasive wheels. Parts such as roller bearing, piston pins, engine valves, and camshafts are made by centreless grinding.
The feed-in case of centreless grinding is given as,
S = ΠDN sinα
Where,
S = Feed
D = Diameter of regulating wheel
N = Speed in r.p.m
α = Angle of tilt.
Types of Centreless Grinding
The following are the three type of centreless grinding,
Through feed
Infeed
End feed
1. Through Feed
In this type of grinding the whole length of the bar or shaft is grinded which is placed on the work rest. The amount of material removed is 0.02 to 0.3mm.
2. Infeed
This type of grinding is used to grind parts that require multiple profiles to be grinded at the same time. The regulating wheel is moved backwards to place the workpiece on the work rest. This type of grinding is mainly used for formed grinding stops are provided at both the ends.
13. End Feed
In this type of grinding the tapered parts are grinded either the grinding wheel or the regulating wheel will have a tapered form.
Advantages of Centreless Grinding
A true floating condition exit so that little amount of material is removed.
There is no deflection of the work and small fragile workpiece can be grinded easily.
The process is continuous and used for production work.
No extra attachments such as centres, chucks are required.
The size of the work is easily controlled.
unskilled labour is required.
Disadvantages of Centreless Grinding
There is no concentricity when hollow workpieces are grinded.
The workpiece having multiple diameters cannot be grinded easily.
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Business Idea- अगर आप भी घर बैठे हर महीने मोटी कमाई (How to earn money?) करना चाहते हैं तो आज हम आपको एक ऐसा बिजनेस आइडिया दे रहे हैं, जिसमें आप अच्छी कमाई कर सकते हैं. सबसे खास बात तो यह है कि आप यह बिजनेस नौकरी के साथ कर सकते हैं.
नई दिल्ली. महंगाई इतनी बढ़त गई है कि अब ज्यादातर लोग नौकरी के अलावा अतिरिक्त इनकम (Extra income) की तलाश में रहते हैं. खासकर मध्यम आय वाले व्यक्तियों के लिए वेतन के पैसों (Salary) से घर खर्च चलाना ही मुश्किल हो जाता है, ऐसे में अन्य खर्चों के लिए पैसों की जरूरत (Need money) पड़ती है. अगर आप भी अपनी नौकरी के साथ कुछ अतिरिक्त कमाई (How to earn money) करना चाहते हैं, तो आज हम आपको कुछ ऐसे आइडिया (earning ideas) दे रहे हैं, जहां से आप हर महीने मोटी कमाई (Earn money) कर सकते हैं.बता दें कि इस काम के लिए आपको घर से बाहर (easy way to earn money from home) निकलने की भी जरूरत नहीं है. इस बिजनेस को आप यात्रा के दौरान, गांव या कहीं भी कर सकते हैं. इसके लिए आपको कोई बहुत बड़ी जगह की भी जरूरत नहीं है. इस बिजनेस के लिए सिर्फ आपके पास स्मार्टफोन या लैपटॉप (business via smartphones) होना जरूरी है.
आइये अब जान लेते हैं कौन से ऐसे बिजनेस हैं जहां अच्छी कमाई कर सकते हैं.
तस्वीरें बेचकर पैसा कमाना अगर आपको फोटोग्राफी का शौक है या फिर आप ऐसे इलाके में रहते हैं, जहां तस्वीरों की काफी डिमांड है? इस तरह के शौक रखने वाले लोगों को बता दें कि स्टॉक फोटोग्राफी वेबसाइट्स अपने आप में तस्वीरों का भंडार है. जो लगभग हर एक सब्जेट को कवर करती है. अब ये भी जान लीजिए कि ये काम कैसे करता है?
फोटोग्राफर अपनी तस्वीरों को डाटाबेस में से किसी भी एक कैटेगरी में अपलोड कर सकते हैं. किसी भी मैग्जीन एडिटर, डिजाइनर या फिर ऑर्गेनाइजेशन को आप वेबसाइट से कनेक्ट कर सकते हैं, ताकि यहां से आपकी फोटोज को खरीदा जा सके. स्टॉक वेबसाइट्स की सबसे अच्छी खासियत ये है कि इसके जरिए आप कितनी भी बार अपनी फोटोज को बेच सकते हैं. फोटो वेबसाइट्स की लिस्ट में शटरस्टॉक, फोटोशेल्टर और गेटी इमेज जैसे बड़े नाम शामिल हैं.
वीडियो के जरिए कमाई पिछले कुछ सालों में यूट्यूब वीडियो कंटेंट का बहुत बड़ा स्रोत बनकर उभरा है. शायद ही ऐसा कोई होगा, जिसका यूट्यूब पर खुद का अकाउंट न हो. फिर चाहें वो बड़ी बड़ी कंपनियां हों, फिल्म स्टार्स हो या फिर आम लोग. कई लोग यूट्यूब या वीडियो कंटेंट के जरिए मोटी कमाई कर रहे हैं. लोग अपने वीडियो को मोनेटाइज (पैसा कमा सकते हैं) कराने के लिए सब्सक्रिप्शन फीस लगा सकते हैं या फिर केवल पैसा देकर कॉन्टेंट देखने के लिए पासवर्ड प्रोटेक्शन भी लगा सकते हैं, ताकि आप इससे पैसा कमा सकें. यूट्यूब में ऐसे वीडियो होंगे जिनको पूरा देखने के लिए आपसे सब्सक्रिप्शन फीस मांगी जाती है. तो यह भी एक अच्छा तरीका हो सकता है पैसा कमाने का और वो भी घर बैठे।
इंटरनेट रिसर्च और सर्वे अगर अब कोई आपसे पूछे कि क्या दिनभर इंटरनेट में लगे रहते हो, तो आप इसका तगड़ा जवाब दे सकते हैं. क्योंकि इंटरनेट पर दिनभर लगे रहने से भी आप अच्छा खासा पैसा कमा सकते हैं. जी हां, बिल्कुल अच्छा पैसा कमाने का एक तरीका इंटरनेट भी है. आप अपने खाली समय में इंटरनेट सर्फिंग कर सकते हैं या फिर ऑनलाइन सर्वे भर सकते हैं. इससे आपकी कमाई भी हो सकती है. ऑनलाइन सर्वे के जरिए पैसा कमाने की एक वेबसाइट ySense भी है.
Cryptocurrency Prices Today: CoinGecko के मुताबिक, दुनिया की सबसे बड़ी क्रिप्टोकरेंसी बिटक्वाइन 16.6 फीसदी तक टूटकर कारोबार कर रही थी. इस गिरावट के साथ बिटक्वाइन 42 हजार डॉलर के निचले स्तर तक आ गई. 10 नवंबर को यह डिजिटल करेंसी जबरदस्त तेजी के साथ 69 हजार डॉलर को छू गई थी.
नई दिल्ली. भारत में क्रिप्टोकरेंसी (Cryptocurrency) के भविष्य को लेकर छिड़ी बहस के बीच शनिवार को क्रिप्टो बाजार में कोहराम मच गया. बिटक्वाइन (Bitcoin) समेत दूसरी क्रिप्टोकरेंसी में भारी गिरावट आई है. दुनिया की सबसे प्रचलित क्रिप्टोकरेंसी बिटक्वाइन के दाम करीब 17 फीसदी तक टूट गए, तो दूसरी ओर इथेरियम और डॉजक्वाइन समेत दूसरी क्रिप्टोकरेंसी भी बुरी तरह से लुढ़क गईं.
CoinGecko के मुताबिक, दुनिया की सबसे बड़ी क्रिप्टोकरेंसी बिटक्वाइन 16.6 फीसदी तक टूटकर कारोबार कर रही थी. इस गिरावट के साथ बिटक्वाइन 42 हजार डॉलर के निचले स्तर तक आ गई. 10 नवंबर को यह डिजिटल करेंसी जबरदस्त तेजी के साथ 69 हजार डॉलर को छू गई थी.
बिटक्वाइन के बाद दूसरी सबसे लोकप्रिय क्रिप्टोकरेंसी इथेरियम के दाम शनिवार को 15.9 फीसदी तक कम हो गई और इसका भाव 3,848.23 रुपये हो गया. इस क्रिप्टोकरेंसी ने नवंबर में अपना ऑल टाइम हाई का लेवल छुआ था. इसके अलावा डॉजक्वाइन के दाम में 22.2 फीसदी की गिरावट दर्ज की गई है. इसके अलावा बिनान्से क्वाइन, पोल्काडॉट, शीबा इनु और लाइट क्वाइन में भी कमी दर्ज की गई है.
देश में पेश होने वाला है बिल गौरतलब है कि भारत में जल्द ही क्रिप्टोकरेंसी को लेकर बिल पेश होने वाला है. हाल ही में वित्त मंत्री निर्मला सीतारमण (Nirmala Sitharaman) ने राज्यसभा में कहा था कि सरकार जल्द ही क्रिप्टोकरेंसी पर एक बिल पेश करेगी. उन्होंने कहा कि केंद्रीय कैबिनेट से मंजूरी मिलने के बाद यह बिल सदन में आएगा. सरकार ने संसद के पिछले सत्र (मानसून सत्र) में भी इसी तरह के एक बिल को सूचीबद्ध किया था, लेकिन इसे नहीं लिया गया था.
At the edge of the Sun’s gravitational influence, there’s a cloud of ice and rock. Probably.
Every system needs a boundary, and the Solar System is no different. Although we haven’t been able to physically reach and see it, we have a theory about what this edge looks like. And its name is the Oort cloud.
Ask anyone on the street where the Solar System ends, and they’re likely to mention Pluto. To a certain extent, it wouldn’t be wrong; Pluto really is the farthest planet / dwarf planet from the Sun. But if we want to be all sciency about it — and we do — the Solar System arguably ends where our star’s gravitational influence becomes too weak to capture and hold objects. In other words, it spans over all the space where the Sun is the dominating tidal force (Smoluchowski, Torbett, 1984). Exactly what constitutes the edge of the Solar System is still up to some debate, however, and some sources — including this post by NASA — consider the space beyond the heliosphere as being ‘interstellar space’.
For the purposes of this post, however, we’ll take the volume where the Sun’s gravity reigns supreme as being the Solar System. The point where that influence ends is far, far away from Earth. So far away, in fact, that we’ve never been able to actually see it, and, realistically speaking, there’s no way humanity will reach there while any of us reading this are still alive. But we do have some theories regarding what goes on out there.
The boundary of the Solar System is marked by a hypothetical structure known as the Oort cloud. We estimate that it is a truly vast expanse filled with varied clusters of ice, from innumerable tiny chunks up to a few billion planetesimals of around 20 kilometers (12 mi) in diameter. There are likely a few rocky or metallic asteroids here, as well, but not many in number. The material in the Oort cloud was likely drawn to its current position through the gravitational influence of the gas giants — Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, and Uranus — in the early days of the Solar System.
So what is it? The thing to keep in mind here is that the Oort cloud is a hypothetical structure. We haven’t yet seen it, nor do we have any direct evidence of it being real. But its existence would fit with other elements and phenomena we see in the Solar System, and it does fit our theoretical understanding of the world around us, as well.
The Oort cloud is a vast body. Since it’s a theoretical structure, there’s quite a bit of uncertainty in our estimates of its size. Still, we believe it stretches from around 0.03 to 0.08 light-years from the Sun, although other estimates put its outer boundary at 0.8 light-years from the Sun. There are also estimates that place it between 1.58 and 3.16 light-years away from the Sun. Needless to say, we don’t have a good handle on exactly where it is, and how large it is.
“It is like a big, thick-walled bubble made of icy pieces of space debris the sizes of mountains and sometimes larger. The Oort Cloud might contain billions, or even trillions, of objects, ” NASA explains.
But to give you a rough idea of the distances involved, however, we’ll use Voyager 1, the fastest-going probe we’ve ever sent to space, and the one currently farthest away from Earth. On its current course and acceleration, Voyager 1 would reach the Oort cloud in around 300 years; it would take it some 30,000 years to pass through the cloud (depending on its actual dimensions).
Still, don’t get too excited. None of the space probes humanity has launched so far will still be operational by the time they reach the Oort cloud; despite being powered by RTGs, a type of nuclear battery, all of these crafts will run out of power far before they reach the Oort clour.
Why do we think it’s a thing? The concept of the Oort cloud was first suggested in the 1930s by Estonian astronomer Ernst Öpik. The idea was cemented in the 1950s when its existence was independently suggested a second time by Jan Oort, a Dutch astronomer. Because of this dual origin, it is sometimes referred to as the Öpik–Oort cloud.
The existence of this cloud was proposed mainly due to comets — long-period and Halley-type comets, to be precise. Since comets coming close to the Sun lose part of their volatile contents (for example water) under the influence of solar radiation, logic dictates that they must form away from the star. At the same time, gravitational influences would see them either collide with a planet or star or be ejected from the Solar System eventually — meaning that their ‘lifespan’ is limited. Since there are still comets zipping around the Sun, this means that there must be a reservoir of comets to be drawn towards our star.
Put together, both of these point to the existence of a cloud-like formation at the very edge of the Sun‘s gravitational influence populated with comet-like bodies — the Oort cloud.
Short-period comets orbit around the Sun every few hundreds of years; because of this short time, it’s generally accepted that they originate from structures closer to Earth, such as the Kuiper belt (a field of asteroids extending past Neptune). Long-period comets, however, can have orbits lasting thousands of years. The only source that could explain such huge spans of time is the Oort cloud. One exception to these rules is Halley-type comets. Although they are short-period comets, we believe they’re originally from the Oort cloud and that they’ve been pulled ever closer to the center of the Solar System under the gravitational effects of the Sun and inner planets.
What are we doing to study it? The main impediment to our studying of the Oort cloud is distance. It’s simply too far away for our spaceships or probes to reach in any practical manner. There also haven’t been any direct observations of the Oort cloud.
Despite this, its existence is widely accepted in academic circles. Researchers rely on indirect methods of study to peer into the secrets of the Oort cloud. These revolve heavily around the study of comets and their properties. There is also a lot of effort being poured into developing devices and methods that can be used to spot individual bodies inside the Oort cloud. This is no easy feat, as they’re quite tiny by cosmological standards, and very far away.
Once we do have such tools at our disposal, however, astronomers will finally be able to confirm whether the Oort cloud actually exists. It’s very likely that it does, and it would fit with our current understanding of the Universe. But until we can see it, we won’t be able to tell for sure
Technical mechzone 